Nankai Journal
Humanities and Social Science Edition
2007 NO.3

The Historical Development of the UN’s Role in International Security

Michael Howard
( Yale University, New Heaven CT06520-8324, U.S. )

Abstract: The United Nations is the most general international organization in the world at present, the primary mission of which is to establish a new international security framework in order to maintain international peace and security. The UN not only preserved international cooperation organs like the World Health Organization, the International Labour Organization, and the International Court of Justice, and facilitated the transformation of the world from a Eurocentric to a global system; but also provided a focus for world politics. But it has not succeeded in creating an international security framework conceived by its fathers and a new world order from which every state gains a security shield. It remains to be seen whether the end of the Cold War will eventually restore the capacity of the UN to fulfil the role set in its Charter; or whether, as seems more likely, the disappearance of superpower confrontation will only reveal deeper systematic obstacles of the creation of an effective global structure of international security.

Key Words: International Security; The UN; Global Structure



American Hegemony and U.S.-Europe Relations

Men Honghua
( Institute for International Strategic Studies, Party School of CPC Central Committee, Beijing 100091, China )

Abstract: The general course for the development of U.S.-Europe relations is that: it started with their struggle in America, then shifted to their contest for Asia, and finally moved their strive to European continent. World War II provided the opportunity for the United States to interfere directly with the European Affairs, and the breakout of the Cold War gave U.S. the chance to establish its hegemony in the west. During the Cold War, after the suffering of wars, European states rethought their former painful experiences and gradually found integration as the solution to their problems. With the process of European integration, the conflicts between the United States and Europe emerged one by one. In recent years, some strategic differences have occurred between the two sides in some of their critical political ideas, especially in their attitudes towards international institutions, and the split of instrumental institutionalism and principled institutionalism is becoming increasingly obvious.

Key Words: Institutional Hegemony; European Integration; U.S. Europe Relations






American Hegemony, the Peaceful Development of China and China-U.S. Relations

Han Zhaoying
( Zhou Enlai School of Government, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China )

Abstract: The international system in the post-Cold War world is characterized by the unipolarity dominated by American hegemony and the rapid development of China. While structurally there is strategic contradiction between China and the United States in the international system, the interdependence between them also has increased continually. This characteristic has been marked by the ups and downs in their bilateral relations periodically. The author argues that there exists no critical conflicts of vital interests between the two states in the short term; in the long ran, it is strategically important and in their interests to avoid confrontation and strengthen cooperation; meanwhile, the changes of the nature of power will modify the traditional view of power in the world politics; in addition, diplomacy can also play a significant role.

Key Words: American Hegemony; Peaceful Development; China’sForeign Policy; China-U.S. Relations




Afforestation along the Great Wall during the Ming Dynast

Qiu Zhonglin
(Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 000222, China)

Abstract: The Ming Dynasty saw an increase in forest destruction. During the early 15th century, the forests along China’s northern border were illegally cut down to the point that much of the country’s woodlands were virtually gone. In an effort to save the existing forest, strict regulation and close monitoring were instituted. Some government officials also suggested planting more trees to supplement the attenuating forests. The court even included forestry planting as one of the evaluation subjects of the country’s border officials. In the 1560’s, there were more than 9,300,000 trees planted on the slopes of the Yanshan Mountains. However, the result of the Ming Dynasty’s border forest cultivation plan was not very effective; it was ultimately impossible to save the diminishing forests.

Key Words: Ming Dynasty; Great Wall; Deforestation; Afforestation




A Study on Water Resource in the North China During the Middle Ancient Period

Wang Lihua
(College of History, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China)

Abstract:There were many rivers with abundant water in the dry season, the numerous lakes and swamps, and the innumerable mountain springs in the North China during the middle ancient age (a period from the 3rd to the 9th centuries) indicated that a favorable water environment was far from the situation of nowadays. At the same time, with the rich water circumstance, there were prosperous inland water transportation, large-scale rice production, flourishing waterpower grain processing for a time in certain regions, and fairly important fishery in regions near to the waters. That favorable water environment benefited, not only by the rather large percentage of forest cover with quite strong capacity of water conservation in mountain areas, but also by the comparatively lower gravity of soil erosion in the loess plateau in the middle and lower Yellow River basin while numerous lakes and swamps still existed at that time and maintained a huge water storage.

Key wards: The Middle Ancient Ages; North China; Water Resource & Water Environment; Economic Activities; Ecological Changes.




An Investigation on the Origination of Honghe Hani Terraced Fields

Hou Yongjian
(Center for Historical Environment and Socio－Economic Development in Northwest China , Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710062, China)

Abstract: It is the most important to interpret Hani minority’s ancient folk songs with the most materials among the existing Chinese historical literatures, ethnological fieldwork materials to study the origination of Honghe Hanni terraced fields which set up and cultivated by Hani minority from Tang dynasty up to today in Honghe county, Yunnan Province. This article focuses on the study of the process of Hani terraced fields’ formation, the original environment, the construction methods and steps, and points out that the earliest terraced fields come out in early Tang dynasty. This study is an early fundamental work on Hani terraced fields society, a typical example that the minority constructing their homesteads with few influence from the central government.
Key Words: Honghe Hani & Yi Autonomous Prefecture; the Drainage Area of Yuanjiang River; the Origination History of Honghe Hani Terraced Fields; the Vertical Zone; the Local-national Experiences.




The Recognizing Process of Mu Dan’s Poet Status

Fang Chang’an Ji Hailong
(College of Literature, Wuhan University, Wuhan Hubei 430072, China)

Abstract: Mu Dan had been rediscovered and recognized as one typical poet from an absentee in the literature history from 1980s. He was regarded as one representative poet of "Jiuye" School so his poems had been interpreted with the essence of patriotism and realism in the early 1980s. Then, he was described as one national poet of China who accepted the Western modernists’ style in the middle of 1980s. Moreover, he was regarded as the chief poet and a symbolic poet of China modern new poems since the apostasy, distinction and modernization in his poems had been discovered in 1990s. Therefore, to reinterpret Mu Dan’s status is a literature event with the characteristic of history of thought and a process of rehabilitation.

Key Words: Mu Dan; to Rediscover; the Process of Discourse




On the Traditional Factors of Mu Dan’s Poems

Luo Zhenya
(Department of Literature, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China)

Abstract: Mu Dan succeeded strongly Chinese tradition at the back of standing against tradition in his poems that shows several characteristics: Firstly, there are typical Chinese sentiment and China experience in his poems with the persistence of modern times; Secondly, he insisted on writing lyric poetry and set up a new model of lyric poetry; Thirdly, he emphasized on the poetic style and linguistic sense and succeeded the style of traditional lyric poems to try hard to gain restrained but suggestive language style.

Key Words: Traditional; New Style of Lyric Poetry; Formalizing



On the Group of "Returning" Poets: Focusing on Mu Dan and Chang Yao’s Poems

Wang Guangming
(College of Literature, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100089, China)

Abstract: A group of China poets, who had to give up writing poems for a decade, began to rewrite poems in the end of 1970s and early of1980s, which means not only the society welcomed the changes but also China poem come back to life from dead. These poets started from telling the true stories to expose the time disorder and the spiritual struggles by their own real experience. They rehabilitated the human and poems’ dignity so they left behind special qualities in the history of China poems that couldn’t be substituted. Mu Dan and Chang Yao, as two of the most important representatives of these poets, should be especially concerned about their achievements.

Key Words: the Group of "Returning" Poets; Historical Evince; Mu Dan and Chang Yao




Implementing the United Nations Convention Against Corruption and Combating Bribery in Business Transactions

Shao Shaping,Liao Shiping
(Law School, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China)

Abstract: Bribery is a global challenge in the international societies. The United Nationsconvention against corruption ES is a new milestone to international cooperation combating bribery in business transactions. China, as one of the signatory states to the convention, has the responsibility to ensure the implementation of its obligation under the convention, which requires to prevent corruption more efficiently and effectively. China will promote the interacts between the international rule of law and the rule of law in chain combating corruption in good way, in accordance with the principle of the rule of law to ensure the implementation of the convention.

Key Words: United Nations Convention against Corruption; Combating Bribery in Business Transactions; International Rule of Law; Rule of Law in China




The Political History Tradition of China Ancient Historiography

Zhang Qiushen
(History Department, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China)

Abstract: That the political history with the emperors as the center was the main contents of China ancient history showed in the records of biographies, historical events, and political systems. There were three reasons for this kind of characteristics: Firstly, politics was the most important phenomenon in China ancient society; secondly, the center government supervised the history compiling; thirdly, there was a view that history should serve for politics.

Key Words: China Ancient History; Ancient History Books; Political History




On the Meanings of the Numbers in the Form and Arrangement of The Historical Records

Xiang Yannan
(History Department, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China)

Abstract: In Heidegger’s words, everyone is confined to "fore-understanding" when he tries to understand the world. In Sima Qian’s period with the theories of the cosmos flourishing, most of these theories are based on the theoretical structure of the universe that Tian (the Universe) and Ren (Human-being) are united on the base of the world view of Shu (mystical numbers). That Sima Qian advocated his purpose of "Exploring the relationship between the Universe and Human-being " is unavoidably influenced by the popular thought of mystical numbers at that time, one of which typical representation is the numbers in the form and arrangement of The Historical Records.

Key Words: The Historical Records; the Form and Arrangement of a Book; Mystical Numbers




"From Object-observing to Knowledge":An Perspective on the Tragedy of Cheng-Zhu’s Neo-Confucian Philosophy

Xue Fuxing
(Department of Philosophy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China)

Abstract: Both the Brothers Cheng and Zhu Xi advocated the principle of "From Object-observing to Knowledge" which was one of the best achievements of China epistemology in Confucianism. Its main characteristic was to study the phenomena of nature in order to acquire knowledge by out-searching way, which was reverse to the tradition of China ancient philosophy by internal examination way so it did little basic influence in later New-Confucianism. Its failure, as an epitome of the whole tragedy of Cheng-Zhu New Confucianism, was significant to grasp the reasons of the backward development of China ancient science.

Key Words: "From Object-observing to Knowledge"; Cheng-Zhu’s New Confucianism; Epistemology; Out-searching Way




Zhang Xuecheng’s Academic Evaluation on Dai Zhen

Yang Yanqiu
(Institute of History, China Academy of Social Science, Beijing 100732, China)

Abstract: There were several stages of Zhang Xuecheng’s evaluation on Dai Zhen. Zhang Xuecheng made a systematic evaluation on Dai Zhen’s scholarship in the 54th and 55th years of Emperor Qianlong since he had set up his own academic system at that time. There were two kinds of reasons for his evaluation: on one hand, to criticize the tendencies of scholars at that time; on the other hand, to set up his own academic system and to advocate his academic ideas. To some degree, he agreed with Dai Zhen’s opinions on the study of reasons, however, neither Dai Zhen’s ideas to study the reasons by exegesis of meaning of words nor Zhang Xuecheng’s thoughts was accepted at that time.

Key Words: Zhang Xuecheng; Dai Zhen; Academic Evaluation; Stages; Qianjia Period




On the Choice of Mr. Li Helin’s Scholarship

Ji Xueyou
(Department of Literature, Anyang Normal college, Anyang Henan 455002, China)

Abstract: Mr. Li Helin, as a revolutionist, was well-trained with unusual insights to Chinese contemporary literature. He got one of the best chances to study the current of thought of Chinese contemporary literature in Weiming She. At the same time, he got academic responsibility and consciousness from the spirit of Lu Xun.

Key Words: Li Helin; Weiming She; Lu Xun; Academic Choice.